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Parathyroid Disease

Welcome to our patient information page on parathyroid disease. This page summarizes information about the symptoms, causes, and treatment options available for parathyroid disease.

Have a question about getting a referral to Dr. Karamy for parathyroid disease?

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Understanding Parathyroid Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

What are the Parathyroid Glands?

The parathyroid glands are four small, pea-sized glands located in the neck, behind the thyroid gland. Despite their name, the parathyroid glands are distinct from the thyroid gland and serve a different function. Their primary role is to produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood.

Types of Parathyroid Disease

There are two main types of parathyroid disease:

  1. Hyperparathyroidism: This condition occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive, leading to excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). As a result, calcium levels in the blood increase, which can have various effects on the body.

  2. Hypoparathyroidism: Hypoparathyroidism is the opposite of hyperparathyroidism. It is a rare condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too little PTH, causing low levels of calcium in the blood. This is most commonly iatrogenic or medically caused.

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Causes and Risk Factors of Parathyroid Disease

The causes of parathyroid disease vary depending on the type:

  1. Primary Hyperparathyroidism: The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is a parathyroid adenoma, which is a benign tumor on one of the parathyroid glands. In some cases, hyperplasia (enlargement) of multiple glands can lead to excessive PTH production.

  2. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: This type of hyperparathyroidism can be caused by chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency, which leads to an imbalance in calcium and phosphate levels in the blood.

  3. Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism: Tertiary hyperparathyroidism may occur in patients with long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism, especially those who have received kidney transplants.

  4. Hypoparathyroidism: Hypoparathyroidism is often caused by damage to or surgical removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery or other neck surgeries. In some cases, it may be due to genetic factors.

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Symptoms of Parathyroid Disease

The symptoms of parathyroid disease can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition:

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Symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism:

  • Fatigue or weakness

  • Kidney stones

  • Bone pain or fractures

  • Frequent urination

  • Abdominal pain

  • Digestive issues

  • Memory problems

  • Depression or anxiety

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Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism:

  • Muscle cramps or twitching

  • Tingling or numbness in the hands, feet, or face

  • Painful menstruation (in women)

  • Dry, coarse skin

  • Patchy hair loss

  • Brittle nails

  • Tooth enamel problems

Diagnosis and Treatment of Parathyroid Disease

If you experience symptoms that suggest parathyroid disease, seek medical evaluation from a healthcare professional. They will review your medical history, conduct a physical examination, and may order blood tests to measure calcium, phosphate, and PTH levels.

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Treatment options for parathyroid disease may include:

Hyperparathyroidism

  • Observation and monitoring for mild cases

  • Surgical removal of the parathyroid adenoma or overactive parathyroid glands (parathyroidectomy)

  • Medications to manage calcium levels in the blood

 

Hypoparathyroidism 

  • Calcium and vitamin D supplements to raise calcium levels

  • Monitoring of blood calcium levels and adjusting medications as needed

Prevention & Self Care

Parathyroid disorders, such as hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, require specific self-care strategies to manage and prevent complications:

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For Hyperparathyroidism:

  1. Maintain a Balanced Diet: Monitor your calcium intake to avoid excessive levels that can worsen hyperparathyroidism.

  2. Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration helps regulate calcium levels in the blood, which can be particularly important for those with hyperparathyroidism.

  3. Exercise Regularly: Engaging in physical activity can help maintain bone density and reduce the risk of bone loss, a concern in hyperparathyroidism.

  4. Limit Caffeine and Alcohol: High caffeine and alcohol intake can affect calcium absorption, so it's advisable to consume these in moderation.

  5. Get Adequate Vitamin D: Ensure sufficient vitamin D intake, as it plays a crucial role in calcium absorption.

  6. Regular Check-ups: Schedule routine check-ups with an ENT specialist to monitor your parathyroid function and detect any complications early.

  7. Medication Adherence: If prescribed medication for hyperparathyroidism, follow your healthcare provider's recommendations diligently.

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For Hypoparathyroidism:

  1. Calcium Supplements: Take prescribed calcium supplements to maintain proper calcium levels in your blood.

  2. Vitamin D Supplements: Often, vitamin D supplements are necessary to support calcium absorption when you have hypoparathyroidism.

  3. Monitor Calcium Levels: Regularly monitor your calcium levels through blood tests and adjust your supplements as needed.

  4. Emergency Preparedness: In cases of severe symptoms or a sudden drop in calcium levels, have an emergency plan in place with your healthcare provider.

  5. Education: Learn about hypoparathyroidism, its symptoms, and how to recognize and manage low calcium levels, which is crucial for your safety.

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Remember, individualized guidance from a medical professional is essential for effectively managing either hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism. Tailored treatment plans and ongoing monitoring can help ensure the best possible outcomes for your specific condition.

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When to Seek Medical Attention

Seeking medical attention for parathyroid disease is crucial to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate management.

 

However, there are some situations in which you should promptly consult a healthcare professional:​​​

  1. Kidney Stones: Individuals hyperthyroidism may be at higher risk for kidney stones, as excess calcium in the blood can lead to stone formation. If you develop symptoms of kidney stones, consult a healthcare professional.

  2. Concerns About Medication: If you are prescribed medications to manage parathyroid disease, and you experience side effects, complications, or have questions about medication management, consult your healthcare provider.

  3. Pregnancy and Parathyroid Disease: If you are pregnant, work closely with your healthcare team to manage and monitor your parathyroid disease. Parathyroid disorders can have implications for both maternal and fetal health.

  4. Emergencies: In cases of severe symptoms, such as confusion, seizures, muscle cramps, or extremely high calcium levels (hypercalcemic crisis), seek immediate medical attention as these situations can be life-threatening.

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It's essential to have regular communication with your healthcare provider if you suspect or have been diagnosed with parathyroid disease. Early diagnosis and proper management can help prevent complications and improve your overall quality of life.

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At Niagara ENT, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive care for parathyroid disease and related neck conditions. Our team will work closely with you to develop a personalized treatment plan to improve your parathyroid health.

 

If you feel you have an issue with this consider a referral to Dr. Karamy.

Disclaimer

The information provided on this webpage is for educational purposes only and should not replace medical advice. Please consult with a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and individualized treatment recommendations.

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